Introduction to Diseases
In the field of orthopedics, we encounter joint-related diseases such as the following:
Arthralgia → pain in the joint
Arthritis → inflammation of the joint
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) → an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune cells attack its own cells; in the late stages, the joint becomes immobile
Osteoarthritis (OA) → degeneration of joint cartilage, causing bones to rub against each other
Intra-articular knee disorders → disorders affecting the internal structures of the knee
Tendon- and bursa-related diseases include:
Ganglion tendon sheath → Cystic growth, often occurring on the back of the wrist
Painful heel → Complaint of heel pain when bearing weight
Bone- and cartilage-related diseases include:
- Osteochondritis →Inflammation of bone and cartilage
- Osteoma → Bone tumor
- Rickets → Softening of bones due to calcium loss
- Osteomyelitis → Inflammation and infection of bone and bone marrow
- Osteonecrosis → Destruction and death of bone tissue
Osteoporosis
Acquired deformity-related diseases include:
- Bunion → An abnormal bony prominence on the medial side of the first metatarsal
- Hallux varus → Inward deviation of the big toe
- Hallux valgus → Outward deviation of the big toe
- Coxa valga → Outward deviation of the hip joint
- Coxa vara → Inward deviation of the hip joint
- Genu varum → Bow-leggedness
- Hallux rigidus → Painful stiffness of the first metatarsophalangeal joint
- Hammer toe → Flexion of the interphalangeal joints of the toes so that the toes point upward and the metatarsophalangeal joint presses on the ground
- Flatfoot → Decreased longitudinal arch of the foot
- Pes cavus → Excessively high arch of the foot
- Ingrown toenail → The free edges of the nail grow into the nail bed from the front or sides
Congenital anomaly-related diseases include:
Talipes valgus —> outward rotation of the foot relative to the body’s midline
Talipes varus —> inward rotation of the foot relative to the body’s midline
Malignant neoplasms:
- Ewing’s tumor —> a malignant bone tumor that primarily affects boys aged 5 to 15
- Multiple myeloma —> malignant neoplasms of bone marrow plasma cells that cause bone destruction and overproduction of immunoglobulins
- Osteogenic sarcoma —> a type of malignant tumor of long bones, usually affecting the femur and can metastasize to the lungs
Malignant neoplasms:
- Chondroma —> benign cartilage tumor
- Osteoma —> benign bone tumor
Additionally, various types of fractures are also considered part of orthopedic conditions.